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VFX Joint and Knee Pain Augmented Reality Render. Close Up of a Person Experiencing Discomfort in a Result of Leg Trauma or Arthritis. Massaging the Muscles to Ease the Injury.

<h3>As you begin to work with clients, understanding the "why" behind the "how" can significantly deepen your practice and enhance your confidence.</h3>Let's explore three interconnected concepts that are vital to effective SFH: the Pain Pathways and Descending Analgesic Pathways, the critical role of Serotonin and GABA, and a profoundly useful alternative to the&nbsp; Miracle Question.<h3>Understanding the Brain's Pain Processing: Pain Pathways and Descending Analgesic Pathways </h3>You've learned about the brain's incredible capacity for change – neuroplasticity. Now, let's apply that to a common human experience: pain. Let's consider the complex neurological networks involved in how pain signals travel and how the brain can actively regulate them.Pain Pathways (Ascending): When there's tissue damage or irritation, specialised nerve endings (nociceptors) send electrical signals up the spinal cord to various parts of the brain. These signals travel along specific pathways, such as the spinothalamic tract, reaching areas such as the thalamus (the brain's relay station) and then to the somatosensory cortex (where the location and intensity of pain are perceived) and other brain regions involved in emotion and meaning. This is the ascending pathway – the "what hurts and how much" signal.Descending Analgesic Pathways (DAP): This is where it gets incredibly empowering for SFH! Your brain isn't just a passive receiver of pain signals; it has its own built-in pain control system. These are neural pathways that originate in specific brainstem areas (like the periaqueductal gray, PAG, and rostral ventromedial medulla, RVM) and send signals down the spinal cord. These signals can inhibit, or significantly reduce, the transmission of pain signals before they even reach higher brain centres. Think of them as your brain's natural "dimmer switch for pain".<figure id="figure-5m4gs7du5gmbgsgwbo"><img id="5m4gs7du5gmbgsgwbo" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1772831201/photo/senior-man-suffering-from-pain-in-shoulder.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=vtLvM9l6BseAaZKm-AFvD5wYQ9_UbDGxD9W8VLBwBnI=" alt="Senior man suffering from pain in shoulder" title="Senior man suffering from pain in shoulder" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1772831201/photo/senior-man-suffering-from-pain-in-shoulder.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=vtLvM9l6BseAaZKm-AFvD5wYQ9_UbDGxD9W8VLBwBnI=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure> <h3>Why is this crucial for SFHTs?</h3>Pain is Biopsychosocial: These pathways confirm that pain is not merely a physical sensation. Psychological, emotional, and cognitive factors profoundly influence the activity of these descending pathways. SFH Activates the DAP: Your work directly facilitates the activation of these powerful Descending Analgesic Pathways. By guiding clients to reduce anxiety &amp; Stress. The deep relaxation of the hypnotic trance, combined with a focus on positive solutions, calms the nervous system. This reduced stress directly enhances the activity of the DAP. Shift Focus &amp; Generate Positive Emotion: Moving attention away from pain and towards desired outcomes, pleasant sensations, and positive emotions (hope, anticipation, contentment) actively stimulates the DAP. When the brain is engaged in positive processing, it prioritizes activating these pain-inhibiting pathways. Cultivate a Sense of Control: Empowering clients with the understanding that their mind can influence their pain experience itself can activate these pathways, leading to greater perceived control and reduced suffering. When a client understands, even simply, that their mind has this incredible internal pain control system, it's incredibly empowering. You're helping them tap into and optimise their own body's natural analgesic abilities.The Brain's Natural Pharmacy: Serotonin &amp; GABA Now, let's talk about the incredible brain chemistry that underpins everything we do. As SF Hypnotherapists, while we don't prescribe medication, we absolutely influence the production and regulation of vital neurotransmitters like Serotonin and GABA. These are key players within those Descending Analgesic Pathways.Serotonin:&nbsp; Beyond its role in mood, serotonin is a critical neurotransmitter in the Descending Analgesic Pathways. Neurons in the brainstem release serotonin down into the spinal cord, where it acts to inhibit the transmission of pain signals. Think of serotonin as a volume knob – when it's well-regulated, it helps turn down the "loudness" of pain. Sufficient serotonin is also crucial for overall well-being, sleep, and appetite, all of which contribute to a more resilient system, less prone to pain amplification. GABA: GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts like a "brake" on neural activity, directly reducing the excitability of nerve cells.Reducing Anxiety: High anxiety is often linked to insufficient GABA, leading to overactive neural circuits. Dampening Pain Signals: By calming overall neural chatter and specifically inhibiting pain-transmitting neurons in both the spinal cord and brain regions, GABA contributes to a more relaxed state and directly suppresses pain signals. When your client is relaxed and calm in a trance state, their GABAergic system is more active, aiding in the overall analgesic effect.<h3>How SFH Optimizes These Neurotransmitters:</h3><figure id="figure-ltqh3toehmbgsi018" class=""><img id="ltqh3toehmbgsi018" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2150570043/photo/two-interacting-nerve-cells-with-synapse.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=WMEqOejtC9dZ1na0zVmI333VvIl25CriQMbeiixSZ6c=" alt="Two interacting nerve cells with synapse" title="Two interacting nerve cells with synapse" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2150570043/photo/two-interacting-nerve-cells-with-synapse.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=WMEqOejtC9dZ1na0zVmI333VvIl25CriQMbeiixSZ6c=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure>Your SFH sessions are a powerful catalyst for improved brain chemistry:Stress Reduction: The deep relaxation induced by trance states directly reduces the 'fight or flight' response. Chronic stress is known to deplete serotonin and GABA. By alleviating stress, SFH creates an environment conducive to their more optimal production and utilization. Positive Future Focus: By focusing on solutions, successes, and desired outcomes, you are actively engaging brain circuits associated with reward, positive emotion, and future planning. This positive psychological state is conducive to optimal serotonin and GABA production. Improved Sleep: Better sleep, a common outcome of SFH, is directly linked to healthier serotonin and GABA levels. These neurotransmitters, in turn, regulate sleep cycles. Sense of Control and Hope: Empowering clients to see solutions and take steps forward fosters a sense of control and hope, positive psychological states that inherently support healthy neurotransmitter balance. Understanding this gives you a profound appreciation for the physiological benefits of your work – you're helping clients optimize their brain chemistry for calm, well-being, and reduced pain sensitivity!<h3>The Powerhouse Question: The "Preferred Future Question"</h3> You've learned the traditional Miracle Question, but let's introduce an alternative that avoids specific timeframes like "overnight" or "while you sleep." This can be particularly useful for clients who might struggle with the literal interpretation of "miracle" or the concept of overnight change.The "Preferred Future Question" (or a variation):<blockquote>"Imagine that your situation has significantly improved, and you're now living the way you would prefer to be. What would be the very first small thing that would be different in your day that would tell you that this significant improvement has happened?"</blockquote><h3>Why is it so powerful for SFH?</h3>Directly Future-Oriented: It immediately shifts the client's focus from their current problem to a desired, improved state, bypassing analytical dwelling on "why" the problem exists. Generates Concrete Goals: The emphasis on "the very first small thing" compels clients to think beyond vague desires ("I'd be happy") to specific, observable changes in their behavior, feelings, or interactions ("I'd notice myself smiling more often," "I'd initiate conversations," "I'd feel a lightness in my shoulders"). These become your actionable, measurable goals. Reveals Hidden Resources: As clients describe their preferred future, they often inadvertently reveal their existing strengths, coping mechanisms, and what they value. These insights are invaluable. Instills Hope &amp; Motivation: Envisioning an improved future is inherently hopeful. It creates a mental blueprint for success, activating the brain's reward systems and boosting motivation to take those small, initial steps. Foundation for Strengths and Exceptions: Once the preferred future is described, you can then ask, "Have there been any times, even small ones, when parts of this preferred future were already happening?" This helps clients identify existing "exceptions" to the problem, reinforcing their capabilities and demonstrating that elements of change are already present. Mastering the delivery and follow-up of the "Preferred Future Question" is paramount. It's about listening deeply for the details and using those details to build a clear, positive direction for your client.<figure id="figure-oskwetm1dmbgsjx8t" class=""><img id="oskwetm1dmbgsjx8t" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1475884406/photo/dart-arrow-yellow-hit-the-target-from-12.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=DEe8gWYqMAmOiH1J_-7GxcoGZL5OvYa6UIouTdT7Cjo=" alt="Dart Arrow Yellow, Hit the target from 12" title="Dart Arrow Yellow, Hit the target from 12" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1475884406/photo/dart-arrow-yellow-hit-the-target-from-12.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=DEe8gWYqMAmOiH1J_-7GxcoGZL5OvYa6UIouTdT7Cjo=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Bringing It All Together</h3> As you embark on your journey as a Solution-Focused Hypnotherapist, remember that you are facilitating profound change at multiple levels:Psychological: Shifting focus, building hope, enhancing self-efficacy. Behavioral: Identifying small, achievable steps towards desired outcomes. Neurological: Influencing brain activity and neurotransmitter balance (Serotonin, GABA) through relaxation and positive focus, thereby activating the brain's own Descending Analgesic Pathways. Physiological: Helping to reduce the perception of discomfort by tapping into the body's natural pain inhibition system. Your work is not just about relaxation; it's about empowerment, neurobiological optimization, and guiding clients toward their most preferred future. Embrace these deeper understandings, and watch your impact on clients flourish. You've got this!

Beyond the Basics: Deepening Your SFH Practice with Pain Pathways, Neurotransmitters, and a Fresh "Miracle Question"

Actress checks script papers making notes with pencil

<h3>The Power of Conversational Hypnosis: Moving Beyond Scripts</h3>Qualified hypnotherapists often begin their practice using pre-written scripts. These can be a valuable training tool, providing structure and a sense of confidence in early sessions. However, an over-reliance on scripts can become a barrier to deeper therapeutic work. Conversational hypnosis offers a more dynamic, client-focused alternative that brings hypnosis into the natural flow of dialogue. It allows the therapist to respond in real time to the client’s needs, language, and unconscious signals.This article explores the foundations of conversational hypnosis, its links to the work of Milton Erickson and to Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), as well as the clinical evidence supporting this approach. It also makes the case for moving beyond scripted work and embracing a more fluid and responsive style of hypnotherapy.<h3>Understanding Conversational Hypnosis</h3>Conversational hypnosis refers to the use of hypnotic techniques embedded within ordinary dialogue. Unlike formal inductions with fixed scripts, it relies on indirect suggestions, open-ended language, metaphor, and storytelling. It draws the client into a trance state organically – through focused attention and natural absorption – rather than through overt directives.Techniques often include permissive language ("you might begin to notice..."), embedded suggestions, and utilising the client’s own experiences as a pathway to change. Rather than separating induction, deepening and suggestion into rigid steps, conversational hypnosis weaves these elements together within the interaction. The client may not even realise a formal hypnotic process is taking place.It is an approach based on presence, observation, and adaptation. It requires the hypnotherapist to truly listen, notice the client’s responses moment by moment, and use those cues to guide the process. This is where conversational hypnosis becomes an art form – a co-created journey that adapts in real time.<h3>The Ericksonian Legacy</h3>Milton Erickson is widely regarded as the father of modern conversational hypnosis. He pioneered a permissive, indirect style of suggestion that made use of metaphor, utilisation, and embedded communication. Erickson believed trance was a natural and common state, and that hypnosis could occur anywhere – even during a casual conversation.Erickson’s work broke away from the authoritarian style of traditional hypnosis. He used the client’s own behaviours, language, and experiences to guide the process. For example, he might use a client’s own metaphors or a spontaneous gesture as part of a trance induction. His use of therapeutic storytelling and paradoxical interventions allowed the client’s unconscious mind to find its own solutions, without feeling pushed or directed.This legacy continues in conversational hypnosis today. By trusting the client’s inner resources and creating space for unconscious processing, hypnotherapists can facilitate powerful change through dialogue alone.<figure id="figure-8bkz9b63w5maxyw73y"><img id="8bkz9b63w5maxyw73y" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/240hNzd6H5CAsPf9qeC1uuAiRiHPYeaz7h6UBg83yULKYAOcg7lmbrzzVUKeJ3f7.png" alt="" title="" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 35% 20%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="35%" data-positiony="20%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/240hNzd6H5CAsPf9qeC1uuAiRiHPYeaz7h6UBg83yULKYAOcg7lmbrzzVUKeJ3f7.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 35% 20%;"></figure><h3>NLP and Conversational Influence</h3>Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) shares many of the same foundations as conversational hypnosis, largely because its co-creators, Richard Bandler and John Grinder, modelled Milton Erickson’s methods in detail. From this work, they developed what is known as the Milton Model – a collection of hypnotic language patterns designed to communicate with the unconscious mind.NLP techniques such as pacing and leading, embedded commands, and sensory-rich language have become core tools in the conversational hypnotherapist’s toolkit. By artfully using language that is deliberately vague, permissive, or metaphorical, the hypnotherapist invites the client to fill in the gaps with their own meaning – which increases the personal relevance and impact of the suggestions.NLP also emphasises rapport-building, matching and mirroring, and flexible use of language – all crucial components of conversational hypnosis. Where NLP offers structure, conversational hypnosis provides flow, and together they form a powerful combination.<h3>Scientific Evidence and Clinical Practice</h3>While the broader field of hypnosis is well supported by research, specific studies into conversational hypnosis are still relatively few. However, some clinical trials have explored its effectiveness in medical and procedural settings. For example, in one study involving patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy, conversational hypnosis was found to significantly reduce anxiety. Patients required less medication and reported greater comfort during the procedure.Another study examined conversational hypnosis for women undergoing breast cancer treatment. Although it did not show significant differences in anxiety scores between groups, researchers noted that overall levels of trust and comfort were high across the board – possibly because staff who had learned conversational techniques used them with all patients, whether formally or not.This highlights an important point. Conversational hypnosis is not always about formal trance or hypnotisability scores – it’s about therapeutic communication that creates comfort, trust, and the conditions for change. Even when the trance is not labelled or announced, it is often happening subtly and naturally.Clinical experience also supports the value of this approach. Hypnotherapists using conversational methods frequently report stronger rapport, deeper engagement, and more meaningful client insights. It allows therapy to become a collaborative, creative process rather than a recitation of scripted lines.<h3>Why Move Beyond Scripts?</h3>Scripts can offer structure and reassurance, especially in the early stages of practice. But they have limitations. A script is designed for a theoretical person – not for the unique individual sitting in front of you. When hypnotherapists rely too heavily on scripts, they may miss vital cues from the client or fail to personalise the intervention.In contrast, conversational hypnosis demands – and builds – the therapist’s skill, confidence, and presence. It allows for:Real-time adaptation to the client’s needsUse of the client’s own language, imagery, and metaphorsStronger therapeutic rapportGreater flexibility when working with complex or unexpected issuesA more natural and collaborative experience for both client and therapistMost importantly, conversational hypnosis respects the uniqueness of each client. It reinforces the idea that change happens best when it comes from within – when the client discovers their own solutions, supported by skilful guidance.Many experienced practitioners find that leaving scripts behind not only improves client outcomes but also makes their work more rewarding. It keeps sessions alive, responsive, and deeply engaging. Rather than performing a scripted monologue, the hypnotherapist becomes a conversational guide – attuned, intuitive, and effective.<figure id="figure-mfirkxdxadmaxyxngm" class=""><img id="mfirkxdxadmaxyxngm" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1217114419/photo/business-woman-hands-breaking-document-at-the-office.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=O4OpJzXVMJoG2p4VMz4jbgWun9UcaMFPxUbsHOlPJUw=" alt="Business woman hands breaking document at the office" title="Business woman hands breaking document at the office" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1217114419/photo/business-woman-hands-breaking-document-at-the-office.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=O4OpJzXVMJoG2p4VMz4jbgWun9UcaMFPxUbsHOlPJUw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion</h3>Conversational hypnosis is more than a technique – it’s a mindset. It shifts the focus from scripted performance to responsive, relational work. It draws on the deep wisdom of Erickson, the structure of NLP, and the practitioner’s own intuition and skill.For qualified hypnotherapists looking to deepen their practice, stepping away from scripts and into the flow of genuine hypnotic dialogue can be transformative. Clients feel heard and understood. Therapists feel connected and confident. And the work itself becomes more powerful, creative, and alive.To explore conversational hypnosis further, including advanced hypnotic language patterns and practical techniques, consider attending the Conversational Hypnotic Language CPD / Workshop hosted by HHC Training. More details can be found at <a data-mce-href="http://www.hhctraining.co.uk" href="http://www.hhctraining.co.uk">www.hhctraining.co.uk</a> ReferencesShort, D. (2018). Conversational Hypnosis: Conceptual and Technical Differences Relative to Traditional Hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 61(2).Etienne, R. et al. (2022). Conversational hypnosis versus standard care to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing marker placement prior to breast cancer surgery: A randomised trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.Izanloo, A. et al. (2015). Efficacy of Conversational Hypnosis and Propofol in Reducing Adverse Effects of Endoscopy. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 5(5).Erickson, M. H. (1966). The Burden of Effective Psychotherapy.Mandel, M. (2021). Hypnosis Scripts vs. Principles: Which is Better? Mike Mandel Hypnosis Blog.HypnoTC (2020). “Do you have a hypnotherapy script for…?” HypnoTC Blog.NLP Sure (2021). 25 NLP Milton Model Language Patterns to Master Today.Lankton, S., &amp; Lankton, C. (1983). The Answer Within: A Clinical Framework of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy.

The Power of Conversational Hypnosis: Moving Beyond Scripts

One of the most powerful tools we use in Solution Focused Hypnotherapy is the Miracle Question. Over the years, I’ve come to appreciate just how transformative it can be, not just in terms of the client’s mindset, but in how it engages the brain itself.When a client begins to imagine waking up to find their problem has mysteriously disappeared, something quite remarkable starts to happen inside their head. And the more I’ve studied both neuroscience and Solution Focused Psychotherapy, the more I’ve realised that what we’re doing is not abstract or theoretical; it’s deeply physiological.<h3>Switching on the “boss”</h3>Let’s start with the prefrontal cortex. Sometime we may refer to this as the "intellectual mind"&nbsp; this is the part of the brain where the so-called “observing self” resides – the part that’s capable of thinking ahead, holding values, weighing up decisions, and stepping back from immediate emotion. American neuropsychiatrist John Ratey called it the chief executive officer, which I quite like, though I tend to refer to it simply as the boss (although my partner Natalie would disagree, theres only one boss in our house).&nbsp;When the boss is switched on, we are thinking clearly and consciously. We’re aware of what matters and where we want to go. But when we’re stressed, overwhelmed, or in survival mode, the boss often steps out. The day-to-day running of things is handed over to the anterior cingulate cortex, this is what Ratey referred to as the executive secretary. The secretary is efficient, runs the routine, but doesn’t do big-picture strategy. The secretary&nbsp; works on habit and emotion, not reflection and growth.This is where the Miracle Question works its magic. It introduces novelty into the system. The brain’s orientation response is triggered, the part that says, “This is new, pay attention.” Immediately, we’re engaging different networks. The secretary doesn’t quite know what to do with this unexpected question, so it starts making enquiries.<figure id="figure-tu3a8yhsnmaqk7vgb"><img id="tu3a8yhsnmaqk7vgb" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/484707882/photo/medical-illustrate.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Wvzqi18PJIslP-cRNHMALTrIVYI_S1ootSfK5pf4Mpw=" alt="medical illustrate" title="medical illustrate" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 50% 20%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="50%" data-positiony="20%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/484707882/photo/medical-illustrate.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Wvzqi18PJIslP-cRNHMALTrIVYI_S1ootSfK5pf4Mpw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 50% 20%;"></figure><h3>Emotions, memories and imagined futures</h3> The first stop is the amygdala, which acts like the brain’s emotional gatekeeper. It adds an emotional tag to what’s happening, based on how relevant or important it seems. These tags, involving neurotransmitters like dopamine, help the secretary decide whether to escalate the matter to the boss. They also shape how the client starts to feel in response to the imagined change. Hope, curiosity, even joy – these are emotions rooted in expectation.That’s what really strikes me about this work: emotions and expectations are inseparable. Every emotional response is essentially the brain saying, “I think this is what’s going to happen next, and here’s how I feel about it.” So when a client starts to build a picture of a preferred future, they’re not just daydreaming – they’re updating their internal prediction system.The anterior cingulate then gets the hippocampus involved. This is where memory comes into play. the secretary asks, “Have we seen anything like this before?” and the hippocampus responds with fragments – memories, associations, perhaps even imagined scenarios that feel emotionally similar. The brain begins to weave together a realistic sense of what the miracle might look and feel like, based not just on fantasy but on lived experience and internal possibility.<h3>Engaging change from within</h3> From a hypnotherapy perspective, this is the moment I find most compelling. The client’s brain is now fully engaged in constructing an expectation, not just reporting on a problem. And if we then move into a hypnotic trance, we’re deepening this expectation – helping it settle into the subconscious systems that guide behaviour and belief.It’s important to remember that a lot of what we do as humans is handled on autopilot. Habitual behaviours, emotional reactivity, even patterns of thought can all be maintained without the boss ever getting involved. But when we introduce the Miracle Question, we interrupt the autopilot. We create a pause, a window of curiosity, and we ask the system to consider something new.I’ve seen clients soften in the space of a few minutes, just from imagining that tomorrow could be different. I’ve watched their language shift, their posture change, and their emotional tone lighten. That’s not magic. That’s neuroscience.<figure id="figure-pfuxfqj313maqkaza7"><img id="pfuxfqj313maqkaza7" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1754629749/photo/social-and-media-issue.jpg?b=1&s=2048x2048&w=0&k=20&c=Zt9693KvefX4elLhWSVtrc7Y_jZFnNKocl9RkB_T5iA=" alt="Social and media issue." title="Social and media issue." class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionX="undefined" data-positionY="undefined" data-fullWidth="false"/></figure><h3>Why it matters in our work</h3> Understanding these brain based mechanisms helps me feel even more grounded in the work we do. The Miracle Question isn’t just a nice conversational device, it’s a neurological intervention. It encourages neuroplasticity. It builds new networks of possibility. It teaches the client’s system to expect something different and to respond accordingly.Most of the time, the secretary runs the show, and that’s fine. But when we want real, meaningful change, the boss needs to get involved. The Miracle Question helps make that happen.So next time you ask a client to imagine that a miracle has occurred, remember: you’re not just helping them think differently. You’re helping their brain rehearse a new future. One based not on the past, but on potential.And that, I think, is something truly worth paying attention to.

What Happens in the Brain When We Ask the Miracle Question?

ADDICTION / Red background concept (Click for more)

<h3>Addiction is a powerful and complex condition that affects millions worldwide.</h3>Whether it’s alcohol, nicotine, opioids, or stimulants, addiction changes the brain in ways that make quitting feel impossible—despite the often devastating consequences.Thankfully, advances in neuroscience are helping us understand addiction not as a moral failing, but as a chronic, relapsing brain disorder involving changes at the molecular, cellular, and neurocircuitry levels. This scientific understanding is now informing therapies that work with the brain, not against it—including the empowering and future-focused approach of Solution Focused Hypnotherapy (SFH).In this article, we’ll explore how addiction affects the brain, and how SFH can support recovery by promoting neuroplasticity, restoring control, and helping people reconnect with their strengths, resources, and preferred future.<h3>&nbsp; Addiction and the Brain: A Neuroscience Overview</h3><figure id="figure-8is3akkwh9mamk1d9q"><img id="8is3akkwh9mamk1d9q" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/830705438/photo/addiction-red-board-concept.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=zVXVnpok6GZeRmkXnU1kbTd7UJfYFUmoPh1YpyRUQNg=" alt="ADDICTION / Red Board Concept (Click for more)" title="ADDICTION / Red Board Concept (Click for more)" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 80% 0%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="80%" data-positiony="0%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/830705438/photo/addiction-red-board-concept.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=zVXVnpok6GZeRmkXnU1kbTd7UJfYFUmoPh1YpyRUQNg=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 80% 0%;"></figure> Hijacking the Reward System At the heart of addiction lies the mesolimbic dopamine system—a circuit that evolved to reinforce life-sustaining behaviors like eating and social connection. Drugs of abuse hijack this system, triggering massive dopamine surges that the brain learns to repeat.Over time, the brain adapts:Tolerance builds as dopamine receptors become less responsive. Withdrawal symptoms emerge when the drug is absent. DeltaFosB and CREB, transcription factors in the brain, begin to alter gene expression, embedding the addictive cycle at a cellular level. These changes mean that people eventually don’t use drugs to feel good—they use them to stop feeling bad.The Path to Compulsion Addiction also impairs the brain’s prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and long-term thinking. Meanwhile, the amygdala, hippocampus, and insula—regions involved in emotion and memory—become hypersensitive to stress and drug-related cues.Eventually, the drive to seek the drug becomes compulsive. Natural rewards lose their appeal. Rational thought is overpowered by conditioned responses and emotional triggers. This is the devastating shift from voluntary use to addiction.&nbsp; How Solution Focused Hypnotherapy Supports Recovery Understanding addiction as a brain-based condition helps us tailor approaches that engage the brain’s natural ability to change—also known as neuroplasticity. This is where Solution Focused Hypnotherapy (SFH) offers unique and effective tools.SFH blends neuroscience, solution-focused conversation, and clinical hypnosis to help clients move from surviving to thriving.<figure id="figure-jsp5p9mowmamjz7u3"><img id="jsp5p9mowmamjz7u3" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1449387309/photo/the-man-with-mental-illness-sleep-with-a-relaxed-posture-consult-and-listen-to-the-guidelines.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Z0Pau71v6TGR6o5FOnX4eyMWoId6BJB_h07QTbtF8YM=" alt="" title="" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1449387309/photo/the-man-with-mental-illness-sleep-with-a-relaxed-posture-consult-and-listen-to-the-guidelines.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Z0Pau71v6TGR6o5FOnX4eyMWoId6BJB_h07QTbtF8YM=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure>Let’s explore how. 1. Rebuilding the Prefrontal Cortex: Focus on What’s Working In addiction, the prefrontal cortex—the brain’s “CEO”—becomes less active. People find it hard to make rational decisions, regulate emotions, or resist urges.SFH actively engages the prefrontal cortex through solution-focused questioning. By asking:“What’s been better?” “How did you cope?” “What will be the first sign things are improving?” ...clients are gently encouraged to reflect, imagine, and plan. This builds cognitive flexibility and future orientation, both associated with increased prefrontal activity.The process helps individuals reconnect with a sense of agency—reminding them that they can make choices and move forward, one small step at a time.&nbsp; 2. Calming the Limbic System: Hypnosis Reduces Stress and Craving The brain’s limbic system, particularly the amygdala and extended stress circuits, become hyper-reactive in addiction. This fuels anxiety, emotional distress, and the urge to use substances as a form of escape.The deep relaxation and focused attention of the hypnotic state help reduce the arousal of these stress systems. In hypnosis, brain waves slow, the default mode network becomes less active, and the client can access a calm, imaginative state.Over time, this state of calm becomes neurologically reinforced—so that the client learns to regulate stress without reaching for their substance of choice.&nbsp; 3. Promoting Neuroplasticity: Imagining a Preferred Future One of the most powerful techniques in SFH is the Miracle Question:“If a miracle happened overnight and your life was how you want it to be, what would be different?” This is more than a hopeful question—it’s a neurological intervention.Imagining positive change activates the same neural pathways as actually experiencing it. Visualization, especially in hypnosis, strengthens new patterns of thought and behavior. Repeated focus on goals and successes leads to “use-dependent” brain change—rewiring the brain away from old triggers and toward new habits.&nbsp; 4. Reconnecting to Strengths: Identity Beyond Addiction Addiction can consume a person’s identity. SFH offers a strengths-based, non-pathologizing alternative. Instead of focusing on what’s wrong, we ask:“When were you at your best?” “How have you overcome challenges before?” “What do you value most about yourself?” This restores a sense of self beyond the addiction. The client begins to build a story not of illness, but of resilience, courage, and growth.This narrative shift has profound neurological effects, influencing memory, motivation, and the likelihood of sustained recovery.&nbsp; 5. Working With the Brain’s Natural Systems Unlike traditional “problem-focused” models, SFH works with the brain's solution-seeking tendencies. Every session strengthens:Hope circuits in the brain. The capacity for delayed gratification. Internal reward systems based on real achievement and self-care. Crucially, it avoids reinforcing the trauma, guilt, or shame circuits so often activated in people with a history of addiction.<figure id="figure-808d689wobmamk0cw5"><img id="808d689wobmamk0cw5" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2204500122/photo/mental-health-concept.jpg?b=1&s=2048x2048&w=0&k=20&c=QlZ94Cfayx9wnjAvtGYar3Du-rZ30R9jT3mIgKAc0ag=" alt="Mental Health Concept" title="Mental Health Concept" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 0% 45%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionX="0%" data-positionY="45%" data-fullWidth="false"/></figure>&nbsp; Conclusion: Science Meets Compassion Addiction is not a choice—it’s a disease of the brain. But it’s also a condition that can heal, especially when therapeutic approaches align with what neuroscience teaches us.Solution Focused Hypnotherapy offers a hopeful, evidence-informed way forward. By calming the stress response, re-engaging the rational brain, and building a future-oriented mindset, SFH supports recovery not just as abstinence—but as the rediscovery of agency, purpose, and identity.In a world where so many feel stuck in the grip of addiction, SFH reminds us that change is always possible—and the brain is always capable of healing.

Inside the Addicted Brain: How Addiction Hijacks the Mind—And How Solution Focused Hypnotherapy Can Help

Change arrow, with smaller but many obstacles

<h3>Why Confusion as the Catalyst for Change A reflection for Solution Focused Hypnotherapists</h3>As solution focused hypnotherapists, we're used to helping clients move toward clarity, confidence, and positive change. But in both our own learning and our client work, there’s an often-overlooked state that deserves celebration: confusion.Rather than something to avoid, confusion can be a powerful part of the therapeutic and learning process. It’s not a sign of failure—it’s a signal that something new and important is trying to emerge.Confusion as a Catalyst for Change From a neuroscience perspective, confusion is a signal that our current mental models no longer fit the situation. This triggers prediction error, a process that activates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—which monitors conflict—and the prefrontal cortex, which helps us problem-solve and adapt.This cognitive friction is what drives neuroplasticity. It forces the brain to build new neural pathways and adapt—essentially making confusion the ignition point for learning.In fact, research in educational psychology has shown that students who engage with initially confusing material retain it better long-term compared to those who are given clear, step-by-step instructions without struggle (D’Mello &amp; Graesser, 2012).<figure id="figure-bewz2mef269m9vp0d9u"><img id="bewz2mef269m9vp0d9u" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2148145721/photo/portrait-of-young-businesswoman-with-curly-hairstyle-wear-trendy-smart-casual-outfit-isolated.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=lXJtTMOzsNhf4eYEuWPCcmqsJ3LKWdPDVCtLFYUuL10=" alt="Portrait of young businesswoman with curly hairstyle wear trendy smart casual outfit isolated on white background stock photo" title="Portrait of young businesswoman with curly hairstyle wear trendy smart casual outfit isolated on white background stock photo" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 50% 20%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="50%" data-positiony="20%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2148145721/photo/portrait-of-young-businesswoman-with-curly-hairstyle-wear-trendy-smart-casual-outfit-isolated.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=lXJtTMOzsNhf4eYEuWPCcmqsJ3LKWdPDVCtLFYUuL10=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 50% 20%;"></figure>But What If They’re Wrong? Some training schools still insist on rigid repetition—same questions, same language patterns, same structure—session after session. The idea is that repetition reinforces learning.And while repetition does have its place in reinforcing patterns and calming the nervous system, an over-reliance on it may inhibit deeper therapeutic work. The brain, when repeatedly exposed to the same input, begins to tune out. Learning plateaus.Novelty, on the other hand, activates the hippocampus and dopaminergic reward pathways—regions strongly associated with learning, attention, and motivation. When something surprises the brain, it pays closer attention and encodes the experience more deeply.So yes, repetition might create familiarity, but novelty and confusion are what create learning and transformation.And if you think hypnosis is all about brainwave lengths, you’ve still got a lot to learn about hypnosis.Yes, EEG studies show changes in alpha and theta wave activity during hypnosis. But those are correlates, not causes. Hypnosis is far more about focused attention, expectation, and the therapeutic relationship than it is about electrical frequencies in the brain.As leading hypnosis researcher Irving Kirsch found, hypnotic responsiveness is largely mediated by suggestion, context, and belief—not by brainwave manipulation (Kirsch, 1997).Confusion Breaks the Cycle When things feel too familiar, the brain slips into cognitive autopilot. Confusion breaks this. It signals the need for real-time adaptation, increasing alertness and engagement.This shift is crucial in hypnotherapy. In fact, Milton Erickson often used confusion deliberately as a therapeutic tool—to interrupt rigid patterns and open the client to new possibilities. Confusion, for Erickson, wasn’t a problem—it was a portal.<figure id="figure-ez91t15ebm9vp3y17"><img id="ez91t15ebm9vp3y17" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2085922079/photo/artificial-intelligence-circuit-board-brain-symbol-on-hand.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=8gdKJLDqBlCZmX-6Hj-fuy2XeNDbDfd70_PY8zEgi1Y=" alt="Artificial intelligence circuit board brain symbol on hand" title="Artificial intelligence circuit board brain symbol on hand" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 0% 50%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="0%" data-positiony="50%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2085922079/photo/artificial-intelligence-circuit-board-brain-symbol-on-hand.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=8gdKJLDqBlCZmX-6Hj-fuy2XeNDbDfd70_PY8zEgi1Y=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 0% 50%;"></figure>Creativity in the Unknown The solution focused approach invites us to explore what’s possible, not just what’s probable. This openness often requires us—and our clients—to sit with uncertainty.Creativity blooms when we’re not locked into fixed expectations. Studies in divergent thinking show that people are more creative when they are free from rigid mental frameworks and allowed to play with ambiguity.In a hypnotic context, this means stepping beyond scripts and embracing the unique, unfolding moment of the session.From Uncertainty to Empowerment When clients work through confusion, they’re not just learning something new—they’re rewiring their brain to become more adaptable. They develop confidence in their ability to make sense of life’s challenges. They grow resilience. And so do we.As therapists, staying curious and reflective—especially when things don’t go to plan—helps us evolve. The best work often happens when we’re not quite sure where the session is going… and trust the process anyway.Celebrate the Discomfort So next time you—or your client—feel confused, lean in.Don’t rush to fill the gap. Don’t silence the questions too soon. Because confusion isn’t the opposite of clarity—it’s the start of it.And maybe, just maybe, it’s time we let go of the idea that change comes from reading scripts and routines alone. Because research, neuroscience, and lived therapeutic experience all say the same thing: <strong style="border-color: #e5e7eb; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(62,172,255,.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-transform: translateX(0) translateY(0) rotate(0) skewX(0) skewY(0) scaleX(1) scaleY(1); --tw-border-opacity: 1;" data-mce-style="border-color: #e5e7eb; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(62,172,255,.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-transform: translateX(0) translateY(0) rotate(0) skewX(0) skewY(0) scaleX(1) scaleY(1); --tw-border-opacity: 1;">Confusion is where transformation begins. References D’Mello, S., &amp; Graesser, A. (2012). Dynamics of affective states during complex learning. Learning and Instruction, 22(2), 145–157.Kirsch, I. (1997). Suggestibility or hypnosis: What do our scales really measure? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 45(3), 212–225.Oakley, D.A., &amp; Halligan, P.W. (2013). Hypnotic suggestion: Opportunities for cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 565–576.

The Power of Confusion

Missing piece in the brain shaped jigsaw puzzle fits into place.

<h3>Working with ADHD Clients as a Solution-Focused Hypnotherapist: Skills, Challenges, and Supervision</h3> ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) presents unique challenges for both clients and therapists. Whether working with children or adults, solution-focused hypnotherapy (SFH) offers a strengths-based approach that empowers individuals to harness their abilities rather than focus solely on difficulties. However, working with ADHD clients requires specific skills, patience, and adaptability. It can also bring frustrations for both the therapist and client, making professional supervision an invaluable resource for reflection and support.<figure id="figure-opfriltfmum86au2fo"><img id="opfriltfmum86au2fo" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2162368353/photo/synapse.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=rzu5r3oYHlF57Rt63nA2jaizZ1fe30QBlJcvo0-X9Pw=" alt="Synapse" title="Synapse" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2162368353/photo/synapse.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=rzu5r3oYHlF57Rt63nA2jaizZ1fe30QBlJcvo0-X9Pw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Understanding ADHD from a Solution-Focused Perspective</h3> ADHD is often framed as a deficit, but many individuals with ADHD possess remarkable strengths, including creativity, resilience, and problem-solving skills. A solution-focused approach shifts the narrative from "fixing what’s wrong" to "building on what works". By helping clients recognise their successes and develop strategies that suit their unique thinking patterns, hypnotherapy can be an empowering tool.However, the process isn’t always smooth. ADHD affects attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation, meaning clients may struggle with engagement, consistency, or belief in their ability to change. This can lead to frustrations for both parties.<h3>&nbsp; The Skills Needed to Work Effectively with ADHD Clients</h3> 1. Flexibility and Adaptability ADHD clients—both adults and children—may struggle with focus, fidgeting, or impulsivity. A rigid, traditional therapy structure may not work, so the therapist needs to be adaptable. Sessions may require movement breaks, interactive elements, or shorter, more dynamic trance work.2. Clear and Engaging Communication Keeping instructions and discussions simple and engaging is crucial. Using metaphors, stories, or visualisations can help ADHD clients process information more effectively. Asking clear, direct questions also helps them stay on track.3. Patience and Non-Judgement Clients with ADHD often feel like they have "failed" in various aspects of life due to forgetfulness, impulsivity, or difficulties with organisation. A non-judgemental approach that acknowledges their efforts rather than their struggles is key to building trust.4. Strength-Based Focus Instead of emphasising the challenges ADHD brings, solution-focused hypnotherapy encourages clients to recognise their strengths. This might include their ability to think outside the box, hyperfocus on topics they love, or their energy and enthusiasm when engaged in the right task.5. Helping with Routine and Structure One of the biggest challenges for ADHD clients is creating structure and sticking to routines. Hypnotherapy can help clients visualise their ideal day and establish small, achievable habits that work for them. This might include using reminders, alarms, or breaking tasks into manageable steps.6. Managing Frustrations – For Both Client and Therapist ADHD clients may struggle with completing tasks, following through on agreed-upon strategies, or even attending sessions consistently. This can be frustrating for the therapist, who may feel like progress is slow or inconsistent.From the client’s perspective, they may feel frustrated that their brain doesn’t work the way they want it to. They may struggle with feeling overwhelmed, misunderstood, or self-critical. Solution-focused hypnotherapy helps reframe these frustrations by focusing on small wins and reinforcing positive change rather than perceived failures.<h3>Working with Children vs. Adults with ADHD</h3> Children with ADHD May struggle to sit still or follow session structure. Need interactive elements—games, storytelling, or movement. Parents play a crucial role in reinforcing positive changes at home. Hypnotherapy can help with emotional regulation, anxiety, and confidence-building. Adults with ADHD Often have years of frustration from feeling misunderstood or struggling with traditional work and school environments. May benefit from hypnosis for stress reduction, focus, and self-belief. Need practical strategies for structuring their day and managing distractions.<h3>&nbsp; The Importance of Supervision in ADHD Hypnotherapy</h3>Because working with ADHD clients can be unpredictable, therapists benefit greatly from supervision with an experienced professional. Supervision provides:<ul><li>A space to reflect on challenging cases without frustration affecting the therapeutic relationship. </li><li>Practical strategies for managing session flow when a client is highly distracted.</li><li>Support in managing therapist frustration, ensuring sessions remain productive and positive.</li><li>Fresh insights from a more experienced perspective to fine-tune approaches. A good supervisor helps solution focused hypnotherapists stay grounded, maintain their own well-being, and continue growing in their work.</li></ul><figure id="figure-045htxb49m86autlf"><img id="045htxb49m86autlf" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/491349692/photo/adhd-is-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder.jpg?b=1&s=2048x2048&w=0&k=20&c=-g0NUjSR5DesLRWZuAgJVYxwAN16LNklNsQVcx7F_K0=" alt="ADHD is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." title="ADHD is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-2xl md:rounded-3xl lg:rounded-4xl" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 35% 35%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionX="35%" data-positionY="35%" data-fullWidth="false"/></figure><h3>Final Thoughts</h3>Working with ADHD clients in solution focused hypnotherapy is rewarding but requires patience, flexibility, and a strengths-based mindset. By focusing on what works, helping clients build structure in a way that suits their unique brains, and managing frustrations with empathy, hypnotherapists can create a positive impact. Regular supervision ensures therapists remain supported and equipped to handle the unique challenges ADHD presents.

Blog

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The Power of Conversational Hypnosis: Moving Beyond Scripts

What Happens in the Brain When We Ask the Miracle Question?

Inside the Addicted Brain: How Addiction Hijacks the Mind...

The Power of Confusion

Working with ADHD Clients as a Solution Focused Hypnother...